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The 19th century was an era of new opportunities. And one of these occasions had to do with the arrival of the railroad in North America. This made it possible for North Americans to keep up with their European counterparts economically and socially, not simply by sending goods back and forth, but by sending human beings as well. Among these immigrants were the French Canadians who arrived in Quebec became known as Métis-speakers or Canadiens. While some can still speak this language fluently, hardly any are left today that could understand it without a short explanation. Nevertheless, the language is considered to be part of Canada's cultural heritage. The Métis dialect became very close to extinction because it was not taught in schools after the 1960s. As a result, it is not official language in any province or territory of Canada, nor is it recognized on any formal level. The Métis language has four main regional dialects: Michif-Cree, Michif-French, Cree-French and Cree-English. Today there are five "varieties" of the Métis language that are still being used by individuals of all ages. These varieties are Michif, Cree, French, English and Métis. They all share the same phonology but they do differ in their lexicon. Michif is known as the traditional variety of the language; it is spoken by older people of Métis descent (from Manitoba or Saskatchewan). Several of these speakers live in communities like Île-à-la-Crosse (in northern Saskatchewan) or St. Laurent (a village just outside Île-à-la-Crosse). About 2000 people speak this dialect today. The second variety is Cree, which is considered by many to be the most authentic form of Métis. It is spoken by younger Métis who are also Cree-speakers. This dialect is used primarily in Alberta and British Columbia, however there are some speakers in eastern Saskatchewan as well. The third variety is French, which is spoken by the majority of Métis people who live outside of Quebec. Many Métis do not speak this variation on a daily basis, but it is still an important aspect of their identity. It can be heard primarily in Manitoba or Ontario, but there are some speakers located across the rest of Canada as well. The fourth variety of the Métis language is English. This form has remained relatively stable because of the widespread role of English-language media in western Canada. This variety is primarily spoken by younger Métis, and can even be heard in many public places such as grocery stores and restaurants. The fifth variety is Métis, which uses a combination of two or more of the above-mentioned dialects. This type of language is extremely interesting because it failed to conform to one particular regional pattern; this is due to the fact that Montreal has become the centre for many Métis individuals and their children. As a result, Métis has been able to maintain itself by borrowing words from numerous others languages in order to convey meaning properly. As a result, this variety has been unable to acquire its own identity when it comes to syntax. cfa1e77820
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